Der Kulturkampf, ein Machtspiel zwischen Staat und katholischer Kirche, betraf und bewegte die Empfindungen der Katholiken in Deutschland, vor allem im Königreich Preußen, in den letzten Jahrzehnten des 19. Jahrhunderts wie kein anderes Ereignis. Die Kleinstadt Werne war besonders betroffen von der Auseinandersetzung zwischen Berlin und Rom, zwischen Bismarck und Pius IX.. Priestern wurde unter harten Strafen verboten, ihre pastoralen Aufgaben zu erfüllen. Das Kapuzinerkloster wurde wie alle Klöster aufgelöst. Der Historiker Karl-Heinz Schwarze ordnet die Ereignisse vor Ort in den europaweiten Zusammenhang ein. Die katholischen Gläubigen, die geschlossen ihrer Kirche die Treue hielten, widerstanden dem staatlichen Druck mit zahlreichen Maßnahmen. Reichskanzler Otto von Bismarck hatte den Konflikt ausgelöst. Dieser fand weltweit so großes Interesse, dass der Begriff in anderen Sprachen zum Fremdwort wurde. Eine weitreichende negative Folge des Kampfes war, dass Bismarck im Bündnis mit d
During the history of Britain's electric tramcar fleets, many thousands were manufactured of which the vast majority saw out their operational life with a single owner. However, for several hundred there was to be a second - if not, in certain cases, a third - career with a new operator.
Almost from the dawn of the electric era in the late 19th century tramcars were loaned or bought and sold between operators. The reasons for this were multifarious. Sometimes the aspirations of the original owners for traffic proved wildly optimistic and the fleet was downsized to reflect better the actual passenger levels. War was a further cause as operators sought to strengthen their fleets to cater for unexpectedly high level of demand or to replace trams destroyed by enemy action. For other operators, modernisation represented an opportunity to sell older cars whilst, certainly from the 1930s, a number of operators - such as Aberdeen, Leeds and Sunderland - took advantage of the demise of tramways elsewhere to supplement their fleet with trams that were being withdrawn but which still had many years of useful operational life in them. The process was to continue right through to the mid-1950s when Glasgow took advantage of the demise of the once-extensive Liverpool system to purchase a number of the streamlined bogie bogie cars that were built in the late 1930s.
In this book the author provides a pictorial history - with detailed captions - to the many electric trams that were to operate with more than one tramway during the period up to the closure of the closure of the Glasgow system in 1962.
Product details
- Hardback | 184 pages
- 216 x 282 x 20mm | 1,142g
- 30 May 2021
- Pen & Sword Books Ltd
- Pen & Sword Transport
- Barnsley, United Kingdom
- English
- 250 colour & black and white illustrations
- 152673897X
- 9781526738974
- 49,372
Download Britain's Second Hand Trams : An Historic Overview (9781526738974).pdf, available at ebookdownloadfree.co for free.
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